Number of indecomposable projective modules with injective dimension smaller than or equal to the dominant dimension in the Nakayama algebra corresponding to the Dyck path.

Number of simple modules with projective dimension at most 2 in the Nakayama algebra corresponding to the Dyck path.

The number of external nodes of a binary tree. That is, the number of nodes that can be reached from the root by only left steps or only right steps, plus $1$ for the root node itself. A counting formula for the number of external node in all binary trees of size $n$ can be found in [1].

Number of torsionless simple modules in the corresponding Nakayama algebra.

The number of valleys of the Dyck path.

The number of indecomposable projective-injective modules of a magnitude 1 Nakayama algebra. We use the bijection in the code by Christian Stump to have a bijection to Dyck paths.

The number of global ascents of a permutation. The global ascents are the integers $i$ such that $$C(\pi)=\{i\in [n-1] \mid \forall 1 \leq j \leq i < k \leq n: \pi(j) < \pi(k)\}.$$ Equivalently, by the pigeonhole principle, $$C(\pi)=\{i\in [n-1] \mid \forall 1 \leq j \leq i: \pi(j) \leq i \}.$$ For $n > 1$ it can also be described as an occurrence of the mesh pattern $$([1,2], \{(0,2),(1,0),(1,1),(2,0),(2,1) \})$$ or equivalently $$([1,2], \{(0,1),(0,2),(1,1),(1,2),(2,0) \}),$$ see [3]. According to [2], this is also the cardinality of the connectivity set of a permutation. The permutation is connected, when the connectivity set is empty. This gives [[oeis:A003319]].

The number of topologically connected components of the chord diagram of a permutation. The chord diagram of a permutation $\pi\in\mathfrak S_n$ is obtained by placing labels $1,\dots,n$ in cyclic order on a cycle and drawing a (straight) arc from $i$ to $\pi(i)$ for every label $i$. This statistic records the number of topologically connected components in the chord diagram. In particular, if two arcs cross, all four labels connected by the two arcs are in the same component. The permutation $\pi\in\mathfrak S_n$ stabilizes an interval $I=\{a,a+1,\dots,b\}$ if $\pi(I)=I$. It is stabilized-interval-free, if the only interval $\pi$ stablizes is $\{1,\dots,n\}$. Thus, this statistic is $1$ if $\pi$ is stabilized-interval-free.

The monophonic hull number of a graph. The monophonic hull of a set of vertices $M$ of a graph $G$ is the set of vertices that lie on at least one induced path between vertices in $M$. The monophonic hull number is the size of the smallest set $M$ such that the monophonic hull of $M$ is all of $G$. For example, the monophonic hull number of a graph $G$ with $n$ vertices is $n$ if and only if $G$ is a disjoint union of complete graphs.