The tree-depth of a graph. The tree-depth $\operatorname{td}(G)$ of a graph $G$ whose connected components are $G_1,\ldots,G_p$ is recursively defined as $$\operatorname{td}(G)=\begin{cases} 1, & \text{if }|G|=1\\ 1 + \min_{v\in V} \operatorname{td}(G-v), & \text{if } p=1 \text{ and } |G| > 1\\ \max_{i=1}^p \operatorname{td}(G_i), & \text{otherwise} \end{cases}$$ Nešetřil and Ossona de Mendez [2] proved that the tree-depth of a connected graph is equal to its minimum elimination tree height and its centered chromatic number (fewest colors needed for a vertex coloring where every connected induced subgraph has a color that appears exactly once). Tree-depth is strictly greater than [[St000536|pathwidth]]. A [[St001120|longest path]] in $G$ has at least $\operatorname{td}(G)$ vertices [3].

The biclique partition number of a graph. The biclique partition number of a graph is the minimum number of pairwise edge disjoint complete bipartite subgraphs so that each edge belongs to exactly one of them. A theorem of Graham and Pollak [1] asserts that the complete graph $K_n$ has biclique partition number $n - 1$.

The detour number of a graph. This is the number of vertices in a longest induced path in a graph. Note that [1] defines the detour number as the number of edges in a longest induced path, which is unsuitable for the empty graph.

The dimension of a graph. The dimension of a graph is the least integer $n$ such that there exists a representation of the graph in the Euclidean space of dimension $n$ with all vertices distinct and all edges having unit length. Edges are allowed to intersect, however.

The monophonic position number of a graph. A subset $M$ of the vertex set of a graph is a monophonic position set if no three vertices of $M$ lie on a common induced path. The monophonic position number is the size of a largest monophonic position set.

The general position number of a graph. A set $S$ of vertices in a graph $G$ is a general position set if no three vertices of $S$ lie on a shortest path between any two of them.

The Colin de Verdière graph invariant.

The book thickness of a graph. The book thickness (or pagenumber, or stacknumber) of a graph is the minimal number of pages required for a book embedding of a graph.

The number of vertices of the largest induced subforest of a graph.

The number of simple modules in $eAe$ with projective dimension at most 2 in the corresponding Nakayama algebra $A$ with minimal faithful projective-injective module $eA$.