The depth of a permutation. This is given by $$\operatorname{dp}(\sigma) = \sum_{\sigma_i>i} (\sigma_i-i) = |\{ i \leq j : \sigma_i > j\}|.$$ The depth is half of the total displacement [4], Problem 5.1.1.28, or Spearman’s disarray [3] $\sum_i |\sigma_i-i|$. Permutations with depth at most $1$ are called ''almost-increasing'' in [5].

The sorting index of a permutation. The sorting index counts the total distance that symbols move during a selection sort of a permutation. This sorting algorithm swaps symbol n into index n and then recursively sorts the first n-1 symbols. Compare this to [[St000018]], the number of inversions of a permutation, which is also the total distance that elements move during a bubble sort.

The sum of the descent differences of a permutations. This statistic is given by $$\pi \mapsto \sum_{i\in\operatorname{Des}(\pi)} (\pi_i-\pi_{i+1}).$$ See [[St000111]] and [[St000154]] for the sum of the descent tops and the descent bottoms, respectively. This statistic was studied in [1] and [2] where is was called the ''drop'' of a permutation.

The dimension of a set partition. This is the sum of the lengths of the arcs of a set partition. Equivalently, one obtains that this is the sum of the maximal entries of the blocks minus the sum of the minimal entries of the blocks. A slightly shifted definition of the dimension is [[St000572]].

The depth of a signed permutation. The depth of a positive root is its rank in the root poset. The depth of an element of a Coxeter group is the minimal sum of depths for any representation as product of reflections.

The sorting index of a signed permutation. A signed permutation $\sigma = [\sigma(1),\ldots,\sigma(n)]$ can be sorted $[1,\ldots,n]$ by signed transpositions in the following way: First move $\pm n$ to its position and swap the sign if needed, then $\pm (n-1), \pm (n-2)$ and so on. For example for $[2,-4,5,-1,-3]$ we have the swaps $$ [2,-4,5,-1,-3] \rightarrow [2,-4,-3,-1,5] \rightarrow [2,1,-3,4,5] \rightarrow [2,1,3,4,5] \rightarrow [1,2,3,4,5] $$ given by the signed transpositions $(3,5), (-2,4), (-3,3), (1,2)$. If $(i_1,j_1),\ldots,(i_n,j_n)$ is the decomposition of $\sigma$ obtained this way (including trivial transpositions) then the sorting index of $\sigma$ is defined as $$ \operatorname{sor}_B(\sigma) = \sum_{k=1}^{n-1} j_k - i_k - \chi(i_k < 0), $$ where $\chi(i_k < 0)$ is 1 if $i_k$ is negative and 0 otherwise. For $\sigma = [2,-4,5,-1,-3]$ we have $$ \operatorname{sor}_B(\sigma) = (5-3) + (4-(-2)-1) + (3-(-3)-1) + (2-1) = 13. $$