The number of times a permutation switches from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing. This is the same as the number of inner peaks plus the number of inner valleys and called alternating runs in [2]

The number of rowmotion orbits of a poset. Rowmotion is an operation on order ideals in a poset $P$. It sends an order ideal $I$ to the order ideal generated by the minimal antichain of $P \setminus I$.

The number of orbits of vertices of a graph under automorphisms.

The staircase size of the code of a permutation. The code $c(\pi)$ of a permutation $\pi$ of length $n$ is given by the sequence $(c_1,\ldots,c_{n})$ with $c_i = |\{j > i : \pi(j) < \pi(i)\}|$. This is a bijection between permutations and all sequences $(c_1,\ldots,c_n)$ with $0 \leq c_i \leq n-i$. The staircase size of the code is the maximal $k$ such that there exists a subsequence $(c_{i_k},\ldots,c_{i_1})$ of $c(\pi)$ with $c_{i_j} \geq j$. This statistic is mapped through [[Mp00062]] to the number of descents, showing that together with the number of inversions [[St000018]] it is Euler-Mahonian.

The number of minimal elements in Bruhat order not less than the permutation. The minimal elements in question are biGrassmannian, that is $$1\dots r\ \ a+1\dots b\ \ r+1\dots a\ \ b+1\dots$$ for some $(r,a,b)$. This is also the size of Fulton's essential set of the reverse permutation, according to [ex.4.7, 2].

The number of runs in an integer composition. Writing the composition as $c_1^{e_1} \dots c_\ell^{e_\ell}$, where $c_i \neq c_{i+1}$ for all $i$, the number of runs is $\ell$, see [def.2.8, 1]. It turns out that the total number of runs in all compositions of $n$ equals the total number of odd parts in all these compositions, see [1].

The sum of the entries in the column specified by the partition of the change of basis matrix from powersum symmetric functions to monomial symmetric functions. For example, $p_{22} = 2m_{22} + m_4$, so the statistic on the partition $22$ is 3.

The number of factors in the disjoint direct product decomposition of the automorphism group of a graph. The disjoint direct product decomposition of a permutation group factors the group corresponding to the product $(G, X) \ast (H, Y) = (G\times H, Z)$, where $Z$ is the disjoint union of $X$ and $Y$. In particular, for an asymmetric graph, i.e., with trivial automorphism group, this statistic equals the number of vertices, because the trivial action factors completely.

The number of descents of a permutation. This can be described as an occurrence of the vincular mesh pattern ([2,1], {(1,0),(1,1),(1,2)}), i.e., the middle column is shaded, see [3].

The jump number of the poset. A jump in a linear extension $e_1, \dots, e_n$ of a poset $P$ is a pair $(e_i, e_{i+1})$ so that $e_{i+1}$ does not cover $e_i$ in $P$. The jump number of a poset is the minimal number of jumps in linear extensions of a poset.