The spin of an integer partition. The Ferrers shape of an integer partition $\lambda$ can be decomposed into border strips. The spin is then defined to be the total number of crossings of border strips of $\lambda$ with the vertical lines in the Ferrers shape. The following example is taken from Appendix B in [1]: Let $\lambda = (5,5,4,4,2,1)$. Removing the border strips successively yields the sequence of partitions $$(5,5,4,4,2,1), (4,3,3,1), (2,2), (1), ().$$ The first strip $(5,5,4,4,2,1) \setminus (4,3,3,1)$ crosses $4$ times, the second strip $(4,3,3,1) \setminus (2,2)$ crosses $3$ times, the strip $(2,2) \setminus (1)$ crosses $1$ time, and the remaining strip $(1) \setminus ()$ does not cross. This yields the spin of $(5,5,4,4,2,1)$ to be $4+3+1 = 8$.

The dinv adjustment of an integer partition. The Ferrers shape of an integer partition $\lambda = (\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_k)$ can be decomposed into border strips. For $0 \leq j < \lambda_1$ let $n_j$ be the length of the border strip starting at $(\lambda_1-j,0)$. The dinv adjustment is then defined by $$\sum_{j:n_j > 0}(\lambda_1-1-j).$$ The following example is taken from Appendix B in [2]: Let $\lambda=(5,5,4,4,2,1)$. Removing the border strips successively yields the sequence of partitions $$(5,5,4,4,2,1),(4,3,3,1),(2,2),(1),(),$$ and we obtain $(n_0,\ldots,n_4) = (10,7,0,3,1)$. The dinv adjustment is thus $4+3+1+0 = 8$.

The number of occurrences of the pattern 31-2. See [[Permutations/#Pattern-avoiding_permutations]] for the definition of the pattern $31\!\!-\!\!2$.

The number of occurrences of the arrow pattern 1-2 with an arrow from 1 to 2 in a permutation. Let $\nu$ be a (partial) permutation of $[k]$ with $m$ letters together with dashes between some of its letters. An occurrence of $\nu$ in a permutation $\tau$ is a subsequence $\tau_{a_1},\dots,\tau_{a_m}$ such that $a_i + 1 = a_{i+1}$ whenever there is a dash between the $i$-th and the $(i+1)$-st letter of $\nu$, which is order isomorphic to $\nu$. Thus, $\nu$ is a vincular pattern, except that it is not required to be a permutation. An arrow pattern of size $k$ consists of such a generalized vincular pattern $\nu$ and arrows $b_1\to c_1, b_2\to c_2,\dots$, such that precisely the numbers $1,\dots,k$ appear in the vincular pattern and the arrows. Let $\Phi$ be the map [[Mp00087]]. Let $\tau$ be a permutation and $\sigma = \Phi(\tau)$. Then a subsequence $w = (x_{a_1},\dots,x_{a_m})$ of $\tau$ is an occurrence of the arrow pattern if $w$ is an occurrence of $\nu$, for each arrow $b\to c$ we have $\sigma(x_b) = x_c$ and $x_1 < x_2 < \dots < x_k$.

The dimension of a graph. The dimension of a graph is the least integer $n$ such that there exists a representation of the graph in the Euclidean space of dimension $n$ with all vertices distinct and all edges having unit length. Edges are allowed to intersect, however.