The number of distinct eigenvalues of the distance Laplacian of a connected graph.

The number of inner corners of the parallelogram polyomino associated with the Dyck path.

The number of distinct Laplacian eigenvalues of a graph.

The number of big ascents of a permutation. For a permutation $\pi$, this is the number of indices $i$ such that $\pi(i+1)−\pi(i) > 1$. For the number of small ascents, see [[St000441]].

The number of times a permutation switches from increasing to decreasing or decreasing to increasing. This is the same as the number of inner peaks plus the number of inner valleys and called alternating runs in [2]

The second largest eigenvalue of a graph if it is integral. This statistic is undefined if the second largest eigenvalue of the graph is not integral. Chapter 4 of [1] provides lots of context.

The Frankl number of a lattice. For a lattice $L$ on at least two elements, this is $$\max_x(|L|-2|[x, 1]|),$$ where we maximize over all join irreducible elements and $[x, 1]$ denotes the interval from $x$ to the top element. Frankl's conjecture asserts that this number is non-negative, and zero if and only if $L$ is a Boolean lattice.

The largest multiplicity of a distance Laplacian eigenvalue in a connected graph. The distance Laplacian of a graph is the (symmetric) matrix with row and column sums $0$, which has the negative distances between two vertices as its off-diagonal entries. This statistic is the largest multiplicity of an eigenvalue. For example, the cycle on four vertices has distance Laplacian $$\left(\begin{array}{rrrr} 4 & -1 & -2 & -1 \\ -1 & 4 & -1 & -2 \\ -2 & -1 & 4 & -1 \\ -1 & -2 & -1 & 4 \end{array}\right).$$ Its eigenvalues are $0,4,4,6$, so the statistic is $2$. The path on four vertices has eigenvalues $0, 4.7\dots, 6, 9.2\dots$ and therefore statistic $1$.

The multiplicity of the largest distance Laplacian eigenvalue in a connected graph. The distance Laplacian of a graph is the (symmetric) matrix with row and column sums $0$, which has the negative distances between two vertices as its off-diagonal entries. This statistic is the largest multiplicity of an eigenvalue. For example, the cycle on four vertices has distance Laplacian $$\left(\begin{array}{rrrr} 4 & -1 & -2 & -1 \\ -1 & 4 & -1 & -2 \\ -2 & -1 & 4 & -1 \\ -1 & -2 & -1 & 4 \end{array}\right).$$ Its eigenvalues are $0,4,4,6$, so the statistic is $1$. The path on four vertices has eigenvalues $0, 4.7\dots, 6, 9.2\dots$ and therefore also statistic $1$. The graphs with statistic $n-1$, $n-2$ and $n-3$ have been characterised, see [1].