The depth of a permutation.
This is given by
$$\operatorname{dp}(\sigma) = \sum_{\sigma_i>i} (\sigma_i-i) = |\{ i \leq j : \sigma_i > j\}|.$$
The depth is half of the total displacement [4], Problem 5.1.1.28, or Spearman’s disarray [3] $\sum_i |\sigma_i-i|$.
Permutations with depth at most $1$ are called almost-increasing in [5].

The Billey-Jockusch-Stanley bijection to 321-avoiding permutations.

Sends the permutation $\pi \in \mathfrak{S}_n$ to the permutation $c\pi^{-1}$ where $c = (1,\ldots,n)$ is the long cycle.

Return the Dyck path obtained by applying the inverse of Delest-Viennot's bijection to the corresponding parallelogram polyomino.
Let $D$ be a Dyck path of semilength $n$. The parallelogram polyomino $\gamma(D)$ is defined as follows: let $\tilde D = d_0 d_1 \dots d_{2n+1}$ be the Dyck path obtained by prepending an up step and appending a down step to $D$. Then, the upper path of $\gamma(D)$ corresponds to the sequence of steps of $\tilde D$ with even indices, and the lower path of $\gamma(D)$ corresponds to the sequence of steps of $\tilde D$ with odd indices.
The Delest-Viennot bijection $\beta$ returns the parallelogram polyomino, whose column heights are the heights of the peaks of the Dyck path, and the intersection heights between columns are the heights of the valleys of the Dyck path.
This map returns the Dyck path $(\beta^{(-1)}\circ\gamma)(D)$.