The weighted size of a partition.
Let $\lambda = (\lambda_0\geq\lambda_1 \geq \dots\geq\lambda_m)$ be an integer partition. Then the weighted size of $\lambda$ is
$$\sum_{i=0}^m i \cdot \lambda_i.$$
This is also the sum of the leg lengths of the cells in $\lambda$, or
$$ \sum_i \binom{\lambda^{\prime}_i}{2} $$
where $\lambda^{\prime}$ is the conjugate partition of $\lambda$.
This is the minimal number of inversions a permutation with the given shape can have, see [1, cor.2.2].
This is also the smallest possible sum of the entries of a semistandard tableau (allowing 0 as a part) of shape $\lambda=(\lambda_0,\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_m)$, obtained uniquely by placing $i-1$ in all the cells of the $i$th row of $\lambda$, see [2, eq.7.103].

The poset of factors of a binary word.
This is the partial order on the set of distinct factors of a binary word, such that $u < v$ if and only if $u$ is a factor of $v$.

The Greene-Kleitman invariant of a poset.
This is the partition $(c_1 - c_0, c_2 - c_1, c_3 - c_2, \ldots)$, where $c_k$ is the maximum cardinality of a union of $k$ chains of the poset. Equivalently, this is the conjugate of the partition $(a_1 - a_0, a_2 - a_1, a_3 - a_2, \ldots)$, where $a_k$ is the maximum cardinality of a union of $k$ antichains of the poset.