Number of non-integral Gelfand-Tsetlin polytopes with prescribed top row and partition weight.
Given $\lambda$ count how many integer partitions $w$ (weight) there are, such that
$P_{\lambda,w}$ is non-integral, i.e., $w$ such that the Gelfand-Tsetlin polytope $P_{\lambda,w}$ has at least one non-integral vertex.

Return the Dyck path obtained by applying the inverse of Delest-Viennot's bijection to the corresponding parallelogram polyomino.
Let $D$ be a Dyck path of semilength $n$. The parallelogram polyomino $\gamma(D)$ is defined as follows: let $\tilde D = d_0 d_1 \dots d_{2n+1}$ be the Dyck path obtained by prepending an up step and appending a down step to $D$. Then, the upper path of $\gamma(D)$ corresponds to the sequence of steps of $\tilde D$ with even indices, and the lower path of $\gamma(D)$ corresponds to the sequence of steps of $\tilde D$ with odd indices.
The Delest-Viennot bijection $\beta$ returns the parallelogram polyomino, whose column heights are the heights of the peaks of the Dyck path, and the intersection heights between columns are the heights of the valleys of the Dyck path.
This map returns the Dyck path $(\beta^{(-1)}\circ\gamma)(D)$.

The cut-out partition of a Dyck path.
The partition $\lambda$ associated to a Dyck path is defined to be the complementary partition inside the staircase partition $(n-1,\ldots,2,1)$ when cutting out $D$ considered as a path from $(0,0)$ to $(n,n)$.
In other words, $\lambda_{i}$ is the number of down-steps before the $(n+1-i)$-th up-step of $D$.
This map is a bijection between Dyck paths of size $n$ and partitions inside the staircase partition $(n-1,\ldots,2,1)$.

Send a Dyck path to its peeled Dyck path.