The number of global ascents of a permutation.
The global ascents are the integers $i$ such that
$$C(\pi)=\{i\in [n-1] \mid \forall 1 \leq j \leq i < k \leq n: \pi(j) < \pi(k)\}.$$
Equivalently, by the pigeonhole principle,
$$C(\pi)=\{i\in [n-1] \mid \forall 1 \leq j \leq i: \pi(j) \leq i \}.$$
For $n > 1$ it can also be described as an occurrence of the mesh pattern
$$([1,2], \{(0,2),(1,0),(1,1),(2,0),(2,1) \})$$
or equivalently
$$([1,2], \{(0,1),(0,2),(1,1),(1,2),(2,0) \}),$$
see [3].
According to [2], this is also the cardinality of the connectivity set of a permutation. The permutation is connected, when the connectivity set is empty. This gives oeis:A003319.

Sends the permutation $\pi \in \mathfrak{S}_n$ to the permutation $c\pi^{-1}$ where $c = (1,\ldots,n)$ is the long cycle.

Return the permutation of the left key of an alternating sign matrix.
This was originally defined by Lascoux and then further studied by Aval [1].

The diagonally symmetric alternating sign matrix corresponding to a Dyck path.