The largest multiplicity of a distance Laplacian eigenvalue in a connected graph.
The distance Laplacian of a graph is the (symmetric) matrix with row and column sums $0$, which has the negative distances between two vertices as its off-diagonal entries. This statistic is the largest multiplicity of an eigenvalue.
For example, the cycle on four vertices has distance Laplacian
$$ \left(\begin{array}{rrrr} 4 & -1 & -2 & -1 \\ -1 & 4 & -1 & -2 \\ -2 & -1 & 4 & -1 \\ -1 & -2 & -1 & 4 \end{array}\right). $$
Its eigenvalues are $0,4,4,6$, so the statistic is $2$.
The path on four vertices has eigenvalues $0, 4.7\dots, 6, 9.2\dots$ and therefore statistic $1$.

Adds a disconnected vertex to a graph.

The de-duplicate of a graph.
Let $G = (V, E)$ be a graph. This map yields the graph whose vertex set is the set of (distinct) neighbourhoods $\{N_v | v \in V\}$ of $G$, and has an edge $(N_a, N_b)$ between two vertices if and only if $(a, b)$ is an edge of $G$. This is well-defined, because if $N_a = N_c$ and $N_b = N_d$, then $(a, b)\in E$ if and only if $(c, d)\in E$.
The image of this map is the set of so-called 'mating graphs' or 'point-determining graphs'.
This map preserves the chromatic number.