Number of subsets of size 3 of elements in a poset that form a "v".
For a finite poset $(P,\leq)$, this is the number of sets $\{x,y,z\} \in \binom{P}{3}$ that form a "v"-subposet (i.e., a subposet consisting of a bottom element covered by two incomparable elements).

Return the Dyck path obtained by adding an initial up and a final down step.

Return a Dyck path with number of returns and length of the last descent interchanged.
This is the specialisation of the map $\Phi$ in [1] to Dyck paths. It is characterised by the fact that the number of up steps before a down step that is neither a return nor part of the last descent is preserved.

The cell poset of the parallelogram polyomino corresponding to the Dyck path.
Let $D$ be a Dyck path of semilength $n$. The parallelogram polyomino $\gamma(D)$ is defined as follows: let $\tilde D = d_0 d_1 \dots d_{2n+1}$ be the Dyck path obtained by prepending an up step and appending a down step to $D$. Then, the upper path of $\gamma(D)$ corresponds to the sequence of steps of $\tilde D$ with even indices, and the lower path of $\gamma(D)$ corresponds to the sequence of steps of $\tilde D$ with odd indices.
This map returns the cell poset of $\gamma(D)$. In this partial order, the cells of the polyomino are the elements and a cell covers those cells with which it shares an edge and which are closer to the origin.