The second Elser number of a connected graph.
For a connected graph $G$ the $k$-th Elser number is
$$ els_k(G) = (-1)^{|V(G)|+1} \sum_N (-1)^{|E(N)|} |V(N)|^k $$
where the sum is over all nuclei of $G$, that is, the connected subgraphs of $G$ whose vertex set is a vertex cover of $G$.
It is clear that this number is even. It was shown in [1] that it is non-negative.

Sends a Dyck path $D$ with valley at positions $\{(i_1,j_1),\ldots,(i_k,j_k)\}$ to the unique non-crossing permutation $\pi$ having descents $\{i_1,\ldots,i_k\}$ and whose inverse has descents $\{j_1,\ldots,j_k\}$.
It sends the area St000012The area of a Dyck path. to the number of inversions St000018The number of inversions of a permutation. and the major index St000027The major index of a Dyck path. to $n(n-1)$ minus the sum of the major index St000004The major index of a permutation. and the inverse major index St000305The inverse major index of a permutation..

The graph of inversions of a permutation.
For a permutation of $\{1,\dots,n\}$, this is the graph with vertices $\{1,\dots,n\}$, where $(i,j)$ is an edge if and only if it is an inversion of the permutation.

The de-duplicate of a graph.
Let $G = (V, E)$ be a graph. This map yields the graph whose vertex set is the set of (distinct) neighbourhoods $\{N_v | v \in V\}$ of $G$, and has an edge $(N_a, N_b)$ between two vertices if and only if $(a, b)$ is an edge of $G$. This is well-defined, because if $N_a = N_c$ and $N_b = N_d$, then $(a, b)\in E$ if and only if $(c, d)\in E$.
The image of this map is the set of so-called 'mating graphs' or 'point-determining graphs'.
This map preserves the chromatic number.