The monophonic hull number of a graph.
The monophonic hull of a set of vertices $M$ of a graph $G$ is the set of vertices that lie on at least one induced path between vertices in $M$. The monophonic hull number is the size of the smallest set $M$ such that the monophonic hull of $M$ is all of $G$.
For example, the monophonic hull number of a graph $G$ with $n$ vertices is $n$ if and only if $G$ is a disjoint union of complete graphs.

Sends a Dyck path $D$ with valley at positions $\{(i_1,j_1),\ldots,(i_k,j_k)\}$ to the unique non-crossing permutation $\pi$ having descents $\{i_1,\ldots,i_k\}$ and whose inverse has descents $\{j_1,\ldots,j_k\}$.
It sends the area St000012The area of a Dyck path. to the number of inversions St000018The number of inversions of a permutation. and the major index St000027The major index of a Dyck path. to $n(n-1)$ minus the sum of the major index St000004The major index of a permutation. and the inverse major index St000305The inverse major index of a permutation..

The graph of inversions of a permutation.
For a permutation of $\{1,\dots,n\}$, this is the graph with vertices $\{1,\dots,n\}$, where $(i,j)$ is an edge if and only if it is an inversion of the permutation.