The natural comajor index of a standard Young tableau.
A natural descent of a standard tableau $T$ is an entry $i$ such that $i+1$ appears in a higher row than $i$ in English notation.
The natural comajor index of a tableau of size $n$ with natural descent set $D$ is then $\sum_{d\in D} n-d$.

The map that sends the Dyck path to a 321-avoiding permutation, then applies the Robinson-Schensted correspondence and finally interprets the first row of the insertion tableau and the second row of the recording tableau as up steps.
Interpreting a pair of two-row standard tableaux of the same shape as a Dyck path is explained by Knuth in [1, pp. 60].
Krattenthaler's bijection between Dyck paths and $321$-avoiding permutations used is Mp00119to 321-avoiding permutation (Krattenthaler), see [2].
This is the inverse of the map Mp00127left-to-right-maxima to Dyck path that interprets the left-to-right maxima of the permutation obtained from Mp00024to 321-avoiding permutation as a Dyck path.

The cut-out partition of a Dyck path.
The partition $\lambda$ associated to a Dyck path is defined to be the complementary partition inside the staircase partition $(n-1,\ldots,2,1)$ when cutting out $D$ considered as a path from $(0,0)$ to $(n,n)$.
In other words, $\lambda_{i}$ is the number of down-steps before the $(n+1-i)$-th up-step of $D$.
This map is a bijection between Dyck paths of size $n$ and partitions inside the staircase partition $(n-1,\ldots,2,1)$.

Sends an integer partition to the standard tableau obtained by filling the numbers $1$ through $n$ row by row.