The number of tolerances of a finite lattice.
Let $L$ be a lattice. A tolerance $\tau$ is a reflexive and symmetric relation on $L$ which is compatible with meet and join. Equivalently, a tolerance of $L$ is the image of a congruence by a surjective lattice homomorphism onto $L$.
The number of tolerances of a chain of $n$ elements is the Catalan number $\frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}$, see [2].

The lattice of intervals of a permutation.
An interval of a permutation $\pi$ is a possibly empty interval of values that appear in consecutive positions of $\pi$. The lattice of intervals of $\pi$ has as elements the intervals of $\pi$, ordered by set inclusion.

Return the permutation obtained by reading the entries of the tableau row by row, starting with the bottommost row (in English notation).

Let $\sigma = (i_{11}\cdots i_{1k_1})\cdots(i_{\ell 1}\cdots i_{\ell k_\ell})$ be a permutation given by cycle notation such that every cycle starts with its maximal entry, and all cycles are ordered increasingly by these maximal entries.
Maps $\sigma$ to the permutation $[i_{11},\ldots,i_{1k_1},\ldots,i_{\ell 1},\ldots,i_{\ell k_\ell}]$ in one-line notation.
In other words, this map sends the maximal entries of the cycles to the left-to-right maxima, and the sequences between two left-to-right maxima are given by the cycles.