The proper pathwidth of a graph.
The proper pathwidth $\operatorname{ppw}(G)$ was introduced in [1] as the minimum width of a proper-path-decomposition. Barioli et al. [2] showed that if $G$ has at least one edge, then $\operatorname{ppw}(G)$ is the minimum $k$ for which $G$ is a minor of the Cartesian product $K_k \square P$ of a complete graph on $k$ vertices with a path; and further that $\operatorname{ppw}(G)$ is the minor monotone floor $\lfloor \operatorname{Z} \rfloor(G) := \min\{\operatorname{Z}(H) \mid G \preceq H\}$ of the zero forcing number $\operatorname{Z}(G)$. It can be shown [3, Corollary 9.130] that only the spanning supergraphs need to be considered for $H$ in this definition, i.e. $\lfloor \operatorname{Z} \rfloor(G) = \min\{\operatorname{Z}(H) \mid G \le H,\; V(H) = V(G)\}$.
The minimum degree $\delta$, treewidth $\operatorname{tw}$, and pathwidth $\operatorname{pw}$ satisfy
$$\delta \le \operatorname{tw} \le \operatorname{pw} \le \operatorname{ppw} = \lfloor \operatorname{Z} \rfloor \le \operatorname{pw} + 1.$$
Note that [4] uses a different notion of proper pathwidth, which is equal to bandwidth.

Adds a disconnected vertex to a graph.

The Ore closure of a graph.
The Ore closure of a connected graph $G$ has the same vertices as $G$, and the smallest set of edges containing the edges of $G$ such that for any two vertices $u$ and $v$ whose sum of degrees is at least the number of vertices, then $(u,v)$ is also an edge.
For disconnected graphs, we compute the closure separately for each component.