The number of covering elements of a signed permutation in absolute order.

Degree of the polynomial counting the number of semistandard Young tableaux when stretching the shape. Given a partition $\lambda$ with $r$ parts, the number of semi-standard Young-tableaux of shape $k\lambda$ and boxes with values in $[r]$ grows as a polynomial in $k$. This follows by setting $q=1$ in (7.105) on page 375 of [1], which yields the polynomial $$p(k) = \prod_{i < j}\frac{k(\lambda_j-\lambda_i)+j-i}{j-i}.$$ The statistic of the degree of this polynomial. For example, the partition $(3, 2, 1, 1, 1)$ gives $$p(k) = \frac{-1}{36} (k - 3) (2k - 3) (k - 2)^2 (k - 1)^3$$ which has degree 7 in $k$. Thus, $[3, 2, 1, 1, 1] \mapsto 7$. This is the same as the number of unordered pairs of different parts, which follows from: $$\deg p(k)=\sum_{i < j}\begin{cases}1& \lambda_j \neq \lambda_i\\0&\lambda_i=\lambda_j\end{cases}=\sum_{\stackrel{i < j}{\lambda_j \neq \lambda_i}} 1$$

Number of non-integral Gelfand-Tsetlin polytopes with prescribed top row and partition weight. Given $\lambda$ count how many ''integer partitions'' $w$ (weight) there are, such that $P_{\lambda,w}$ is non-integral, i.e., $w$ such that the Gelfand-Tsetlin polytope $P_{\lambda,w}$ has at least one non-integral vertex.

Number of non-integral Gelfand-Tsetlin polytopes with prescribed top row and integer composition weight. Given $\lambda$ count how many ''integer compositions'' $w$ (weight) there are, such that $P_{\lambda,w}$ is non-integral, i.e., $w$ such that the Gelfand-Tsetlin polytope $P_{\lambda,w}$ has at least one non-integral vertex. See also [[St000205]]. Each value in this statistic is greater than or equal to corresponding value in [[St000205]].

Difference between largest and smallest parts in a partition.

The smallest integer d such that the restriction of the representation corresponding to a partition of n to the symmetric group on n-d letters has a constituent of odd degree. For example, restricting $S_{(6,3)}$ to $\mathfrak S_8$ yields $$S_{(5,3)}\oplus S_{(6,2)}$$ of degrees (number of standard Young tableaux) 28 and 20, none of which are odd. Restricting to $\mathfrak S_7$ yields $$S_{(4,3)}\oplus 2S_{(5,2)}\oplus S_{(6,1)}$$ of degrees 14, 14 and 6. However, restricting to $\mathfrak S_6$ yields $$S_{(3,3)}\oplus 3S_{(4,2)}\oplus 3S_{(5,1)}\oplus S_6$$ of degrees 5,9,5 and 1. Therefore, the statistic on the partition $(6,3)$ gives 3. This is related to $2$-saturations of Welter's game, see [1, Corollary 1.2].

The 3-degree of an integer partition. For an integer partition $\lambda$, this is given by the exponent of 3 in the Gram determinant of the integal Specht module of the symmetric group indexed by $\lambda$. This stupid comment should not be accepted as an edit!