The number of inversions of a permutation. This equals the minimal number of simple transpositions $(i,i+1)$ needed to write $\pi$. Thus, it is also the Coxeter length of $\pi$.

The sum of the positions of the ones in a binary word.

The (standard) major index of a standard tableau. A descent of a standard tableau $T$ is an index $i$ such that $i+1$ appears in a row strictly below the row of $i$. The (standard) major index is the the sum of the descents.

The major index of the composition. The descents of a composition $[c_1,c_2,\dots,c_k]$ are the partial sums $c_1, c_1+c_2,\dots, c_1+\dots+c_{k-1}$, excluding the sum of all parts. The major index of a composition is the sum of its descents. For details about the major index see [[Permutations/Descents-Major]].

The major index north count of a Dyck path. The descent set $\operatorname{des}(D)$ of a Dyck path $D = D_1 \cdots D_{2n}$ with $D_i \in \{N,E\}$ is given by all indices $i$ such that $D_i = E$ and $D_{i+1} = N$. This is, the positions of the valleys of $D$. The '''major index''' of a Dyck path is then the sum of the positions of the valleys, $\sum_{i \in \operatorname{des}(D)} i$, see [[St000027]]. The '''major index north count''' is given by $\sum_{i \in \operatorname{des}(D)} \#\{ j \leq i \mid D_j = N\}$.

The number of non-inversions of a permutation. For a permutation of $\{1,\ldots,n\}$, this is given by $\operatorname{noninv}(\pi) = \binom{n}{2}-\operatorname{inv}(\pi)$.