The number of tolerances of a finite lattice.
Let $L$ be a lattice. A tolerance $\tau$ is a reflexive and symmetric relation on $L$ which is compatible with meet and join. Equivalently, a tolerance of $L$ is the image of a congruence by a surjective lattice homomorphism onto $L$.
The number of tolerances of a chain of $n$ elements is the Catalan number $\frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}$, see [2].

The threshold graph corresponding to the composition.
A threshold graph is a graph that can be obtained from the empty graph by adding successively isolated and dominating vertices.
A threshold graph is uniquely determined by its degree sequence.
The Laplacian spectrum of a threshold graph is integral. Interpreting it as an integer partition, it is the conjugate of the partition given by its degree sequence.

Sends a graph to the lattice of its connected vertex partitions.
A connected vertex partition of a graph $G = (V,E)$ is a set partition of $V$ such that each part induced a connected subgraph of $G$. The connected vertex partitions of $G$ form a lattice under refinement. If $G = K_n$ is a complete graph, the resulting lattice is the lattice of set partitions on $n$ elements.
In the language of matroid theory, this map sends a graph to the lattice of flats of its graphic matroid. The resulting lattice is a geometric lattice, i.e. it is atomistic and semimodular.