The logarithmic height of a Dyck path. This is the floor of the binary logarithm of the usual height increased by one: $$ \lfloor\log_2(1+height(D))\rfloor $$

The register function (or Horton-Strahler number) of a binary tree. This is different from the dimension of the associated poset for the tree $[[[.,.],[.,.]],[[.,.],[.,.]]]$: its register function is 3, whereas the dimension of the associated poset is 2.

The pruning number of an ordered tree. A hanging branch of an ordered tree is a proper factor of the form $[^r]^r$ for some $r\geq 1$. A hanging branch is a maximal hanging branch if it is not a proper factor of another hanging branch. A pruning of an ordered tree is the act of deleting all its maximal hanging branches. The pruning order of an ordered tree is the number of prunings required to reduce it to $[]$.

The protection number of a binary tree. This is the minimal distance from the root to a leaf.

The length of the longest staircase fitting into an integer composition. For a given composition $c_1,\dots,c_n$, this is the maximal number $\ell$ such that there are indices $i_1 < \dots < i_\ell$ with $c_{i_k} \geq k$, see [def.3.1, 1]

The rank-width of a graph.

The minimal height of the rectangular inner shape in a cylindrical tableau associated to a tableau. A cylindrical tableau associated with a standard Young tableau $T$ is the skew row-strict tableau obtained by gluing two copies of $T$ such that the inner shape is a rectangle. This statistic equals $\max_C\big(\ell(C) - \ell(T)\big)$, where $\ell$ denotes the number of rows of a tableau and the maximum is taken over all cylindrical tableaux.

The number of stack-sorts needed to sort a permutation. A permutation is (West) $t$-stack sortable if it is sortable using $t$ stacks in series. Let $W_t(n,k)$ be the number of permutations of size $n$ with $k$ descents which are $t$-stack sortable. Then the polynomials $W_{n,t}(x) = \sum_{k=0}^n W_t(n,k)x^k$ are symmetric and unimodal. We have $W_{n,1}(x) = A_n(x)$, the Eulerian polynomials. One can show that $W_{n,1}(x)$ and $W_{n,2}(x)$ are real-rooted. Precisely the permutations that avoid the pattern $231$ have statistic at most $1$, see [3]. These are counted by $\frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n}$ ([[OEIS:A000108]]). Precisely the permutations that avoid the pattern $2341$ and the barred pattern $3\bar 5241$ have statistic at most $2$, see [4]. These are counted by $\frac{2(3n)!}{(n+1)!(2n+1)!}$ ([[OEIS:A000139]]).

The maximal multiplicity of a letter in a reduced word of a permutation. For example, the permutation $3421$ has the reduced word $s_2 s_1 s_2 s_3 s_2$, where $s_2$ appears three times.

The number of parts of the shifted shape of a permutation. The diagram of a strict partition $\lambda_1 < \lambda_2 < \dots < \lambda_\ell$ of $n$ is a tableau with $\ell$ rows, the $i$-th row being indented by $i$ cells. A shifted standard Young tableau is a filling of such a diagram, where entries in rows and columns are strictly increasing. The shifted Robinson-Schensted algorithm [1] associates to a permutation a pair $(P, Q)$ of standard shifted Young tableaux of the same shape, where off-diagonal entries in $Q$ may be circled. This statistic records the number of parts of the shifted shape.