The number of linear extensions of a poset.

The number of ribbon shaped standard tableaux. A ribbon is a connected skew shape which does not contain a $2\times 2$ square. The set of ribbon shapes are therefore in bijection with integer compositons, the parts of the composition specify the row lengths. This statistic records the number of standard tableaux of the given shape. This is also the size of the preimage of the map 'descent composition' [[Mp00071]] from permutations to integer compositions: reading a tableau from bottom to top we obtain a permutation whose descent set is as prescribed. For a composition $c=c_1,\dots,c_k$ of $n$, the number of ribbon shaped standard tableaux equals $$ \sum_d (-1)^{k-\ell} \binom{n}{d_1, d_2, \dots, d_\ell}, $$ where the sum is over all coarsenings of $c$ obtained by replacing consecutive summands by their sum, see [sec 14.4, 1]

The number of permutations whose descent word is the given binary word. This is the sizes of the preimages of the map [[Mp00109]].

The number of standard Young tableaux of the skew partition.

The number of permutations with the same descent word as the given permutation. The descent word of a permutation is the binary word given by [[Mp00109]]. For a given permutation, this statistic is the number of permutations with the same descent word, so the number of elements in the fiber of the map [[Mp00109]] containing a given permutation. This statistic appears as ''up-down analysis'' in statistical applications in genetics, see [1] and the references therein.

The number of reduced words for a permutation. This is the number of ways to write a permutation as a minimal length product of simple transpositions. E.g., there are two reduced words for the permutation $[3,2,1]$, which are $(1,2)(2,3)(1,2) = (2,3)(1,2)(2,3)$.

The number of reduced Kogan faces with the permutation as type. This is equivalent to finding the number of ways to represent the permutation $\pi \in S_{n+1}$ as a reduced subword of $s_n (s_{n-1} s_n) (s_{n-2} s_{n-1} s_n) \dotsm (s_1 \dotsm s_n)$, or the number of reduced pipe dreams for $\pi$.

The number of connected components of long braid edges in the graph of braid moves of a permutation. Given a permutation $\pi$, let $\operatorname{Red}(\pi)$ denote the set of reduced words for $\pi$ in terms of simple transpositions $s_i = (i,i+1)$. We now say that two reduced words are connected by a long braid move if they are obtained from each other by a modification of the form $s_i s_{i+1} s_i \leftrightarrow s_{i+1} s_i s_{i+1}$ as a consecutive subword of a reduced word. For example, the two reduced words $s_1s_3s_2s_3$ and $s_1s_2s_3s_2$ for $$(124) = (12)(34)(23)(34) = (12)(23)(34)(23)$$ share an edge because they are obtained from each other by interchanging $s_3s_2s_3 \leftrightarrow s_3s_2s_3$. This statistic counts the number connected components of such long braid moves among all reduced words.

The hat guessing number of a graph. Suppose that each vertex of a graph corresponds to a player, wearing a hat whose color is arbitrarily chosen from a set of $q$ possible colors. Each player can see the hat colors of his neighbors, but not his own hat color. All of the players are asked to guess their own hat colors simultaneously, according to a predetermined guessing strategy and the hat colors they see, where no communication between them is allowed. The hat guessing number $HG(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the largest integer $q$ such that there exists a guessing strategy guaranteeing at least one correct guess for any hat assignment of $q$ possible colors. Because it suffices that a single player guesses correctly, the hat guessing number of a graph is the maximum of the hat guessing numbers of its connected components.